Sources
Every bracketed mark on the site links here.
How we handle dates and translations
- Dates are shown in the Common Era with the Bikrami or other original date beside them where a source gives one. Each date shows the precision we actually have: day, month, year, or circa.
- Where sources disagree, the page says so and lists the alternatives with their sources rather than choosing silently.
- Scripture renderings are our own plain-English readings of the intent of each line. We check them against the reference translations carried by BaniDB but do not reproduce those translations.
- Biographical narrative is paraphrased from the cited works, never copied.
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism (Punjabi University)
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- John C. B. Webster · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- C. H. Loehlin · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Sri Ram Sharma · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Sahib Singh Sethi · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Gunindar Kaur · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- John C. B. Webster · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Dharam Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- W. H. McLeod · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Gurbachan Singh Talib · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- W. H. McLeod · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Taran Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- ed. Harbans Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
Read in full online, November 2026.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Sant Singh Sekhon · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh Brar · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Taran Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
Read in full.
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-98
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Harbans Singh (ed.) · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1992-1998
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- The Canadian Encyclopedia
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
- Norman Buchignani, updated by Doris R. Jakobsh and Clay Ma · The Canadian Encyclopedia · 2025
- Punjabi University, Patiala
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism entry.
Primary and near-contemporary sources
- Bhai Gurdas · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB) · c. 1600
Pauri 24 is shabad 40024; pauri 25 is 40025 and so on through pauri 48 at 40048.
- Bhai Gurdas · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB)
The pauri on the Sikhs of Sultanpur, which names Bhikha and Toda as Bhatts.
- Bhai Gurdas · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB) · c. 1600
Names Sikhs of Sultanpur.
- Bhai Gurdas · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB)
Pauri 13 is shabad 40253 and pauri 14 is 40254. Pauri 23 is 40263.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC Dharam Parchar Committee, Sri Amritsar · 2025
The SGPC's published calendar for the year, in Gurmukhi.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC Dharam Parchar Committee, Sri Amritsar · 2026
The SGPC's published calendar for the year, in Gurmukhi.
- Pal Singh Purewal
The calendar designer's own explanation of his method, with its list of other important days.
- Pal Singh Purewal
The fixed gurpurab dates of the 2003 Nanakshahi calendar, published by its designer.
- Justin Trudeau · Prime Minister of Canada, 18 May 2016 · 2016
- Pal Singh Purewal
Year-by-year dates for 2003 to 2020 of the three days the 2003 calendar left on lunar reckoning.
- Ganda Singh (ed. and tr.) · Reprinted from the Journal of Indian History, vol. XIX, part 2, Madras · 1940
The text read was the copy at https://archive.org/details/nanak-panthis-sikhs-in-17th-cent-ed.-ganda-singh. Translation and editor's footnotes; pp. 13-21 cover the Gurus discussed here.
- Sakhi Sri Chola Sahib JiBaba Sandeep Singh Ji Bedi · Sri Chola Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak
Booklet from the custodian of the Chola Sahib, in Punjabi with an English version. It records the family's tradition and was supplied directly to this project. No online copy is linked.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee; English version by Kulraj Singh · Dharam Parchar Committee, SGPC, Amritsar · 1997
The SGPC's English text of the Sikh code of conduct, as published on its earlier website and kept by the Internet Archive. The SGPC's current site offers the text at https://sgpc.net/sikh-rehat-maryada-in-english/.
- Sainapati; tr. Kulwant Singh · Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh · 2014
Near-contemporary poetic account of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji by a poet of his court, completed c. 1711.
- Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB) · compiled 1604
Angs 145, 156, 360, 417, 418, 471, 553, 722, 723, 729, 938 and 1412 were checked. The URL shows ang 360; change the number for other angs.
- The London Gazette · 1943
Official notice of the Victoria Cross awarded to Havildar Parkash Singh, 8th Punjab Regiment.
- The London Gazette · 1945
Official notice of the Victoria Cross awarded to Naik Gian Singh, 15th Punjab Regiment.
- The London Gazette · 1921
Official notice of the Victoria Cross awarded to Sepoy Ishar Singh, 28th Punjabis.
- The London Gazette · 1945
Official notice of the posthumous Victoria Cross awarded to Lieutenant Karamjeet Singh Judge, 15th Punjab Regiment.
- The London Gazette · 1944
Official notice of the Victoria Cross awarded to Naik Nand Singh, 11th Sikh Regiment.
- Babur; translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge · Luzac and Co., London · 1922
English translation of Babur's memoirs, with the translator's notes on the gaps in the text.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · Dharam Parchar Committee, SGPC, Amritsar
The SGPC's published English text of the Sikh code of conduct, in the PDF offered on its website.
- Jahangir; translated by Alexander Rogers, edited by Henry Beveridge · Royal Asiatic Society, London · 1909-1914
Read the entry on Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji at pp. 72-73 of the Internet Archive scan.
- Rai Balvand and Satta · Khalis Foundation (BaniDB)
- Government of India · Government of India, New Delhi, 10 July 1984 · 1984
The government's own account, including its casualty table in Annexure XI. Digitised by the Panjab Digital Library. Read for the government's position, which critics reject.
- People's Union for Democratic Rights and People's Union for Civil Liberties · PUDR and PUCL, Delhi · 1984
A fact-finding report written within days. The online copy carries a later prefatory note from a Sikh students' body.
- Zafarnamah (Dasam Granth)Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji · c. 1705
Persian verse letter to Aurangzeb; text in Dasam Granth, available through BaniDB source D.
Databases
Open JSON API for Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Dasam Bani, Bhai Gurdas and Bhai Nand Lal. Gurmukhi Unicode and transliteration used here; English renderings on this site are our own.
- OpenStreetMap
Map record for the village, used for its coordinates.
- OpenStreetMap contributors
Open map data used for the map positions of modern places.
- Institute for Conflict Management · South Asia Terrorism Portal
A security-focused database, with figures running to June 2019.
- Office for National Statistics · 2022
Open SQLite corpus with a public correction log against physical sources. Used to cross-check BaniDB text.
- Statistics Canada, The Daily, 26 October 2022 · 2022
- Wikidata
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
- Wikidata
- Wikidata
- Wikimedia Foundation
Open data used for the map positions of modern places.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
- Wikidata
- Wikidata
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
- Wikidata
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
- Wikidata
CC0. Dates on Wikidata often carry several conflicting values; used for identifiers, not as the tiebreaker.
- Wikidata
- Wikidata
Archives and digitised collections
- Wikimedia Commons
Credits a 1950 reproduction by G.B. Singh.
- A. H. Diack · Government of the Punjab · 1897
A colonial district record, used for its description of Manikaran.
- Victoria and Albert Museum
Catalogue record, from the V&A online catalogue.
- University of California, Berkeley, Library
An archived page from a university library exhibition.
- Victoria and Albert Museum
Catalogue record, from the V&A online catalogue.
- Royal Armouries
- National Archives of India, reproduced on Wikimedia Commons · 1885
- University of California, Berkeley, Library
An archived page from a university library exhibition.
- The Wallace Collection
_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg){kind=link}
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Books and scholarship
- S. Ali Nadeem Rezavi (translator), in J. S. Grewal and Irfan Habib (eds), Sikh History from Persian Sources · Tulika and Indian History Congress · 2001
- Fauja Singh and Kirpal Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala · 1976, second edition 1991
A mapped study comparing the Janamsakhis with local tradition. In copyright.
- J. S. Grewal · Manohar, New Delhi · 1998
In copyright; read in part.
- Early Sikh Tradition: A Study of the Janam-sakhisW. H. McLeod · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1980
Standard critical study of the Janamsakhi literature, including the Bala tradition and the Vaisakh/Kartik birth-date question.
- Trilochan Singh · International Centre of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh · 1994
Polemical. In copyright; read in part.
- Daljeet Singh · Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala · 1987
Argues a position. Read as PDF text.
- Indubhusan Banerjee
Internet Archive scan, read for the 1699 newswriter citation. The year and publisher of this volume have not been confirmed, so they are left out.
- Gurinder Singh Mann · Journal of Punjab Studies 15:1-2, pp. 285-311 · 2008
- Kharak Singh, Gobind Singh Mansukhani and Jasbir Singh Mann (eds.) · Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh · 1992
States the traditional Sikh case against McLeod. In copyright. Link is to a library loan record.
- Harbans Singh · Asia Publishing House, Bombay · 1969
In copyright; read in part.
- W. H. McLeod · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1968
In copyright; paraphrased and cited only. Chapters 3 and 4 were read for this page.
- Iqbal Qaisar · Punjabi History Board, Lahore · 1998
A field survey of Sikh sites in Pakistan in the 1990s. In copyright.
- Hari Ram Gupta · Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi
Read the sections on Amritsar, the Harmandir Sahib foundation and the Gwalior imprisonment. In copyright, so paraphrased and cited only.
- History of the Sikhs, vol. II: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69)Hari Ram Gupta · Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi · 2007
- Hari Ram Gupta · Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi · 2007
A detailed modern history of the eighteenth century, drawing on Persian and Punjabi chronicles.
- Hari Ram Gupta · Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi · 2008
A detailed modern history of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
- Kirpal Singh, edited by Prithipal Singh Kapur · 2004
In copyright; the preface and editor's essay were read.
- J. S. Grewal and Irfan Habib (eds) · Tulika Books for the Indian History Congress, New Delhi · 2001
Read the introduction, Texts 1 and 2 (Akbarnama and Tuzuk, translated by Shireen Moosvi) and the note on the 1598 meeting. In copyright, so paraphrased and cited only.
- Daljit Kaur Gill · Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (PhD thesis) · 2012
- G. S. Randhir · Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India · 1990
A government handbook that retells traditional accounts.
- Khan Mohammad Waliullah Khan · Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan, Karachi · 1962
A government survey of Sikh sites in Pakistan, with short notes and photographs.
- Gurinder Singh Mann · Journal of Punjab Studies 15:1-2, pp. 229-284 · 2008
Read as PDF text. Copyright applies.
- The B40 Janam-sakhiW. H. McLeod (tr.) · Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar · 1980
- The Making of Sikh ScriptureGurinder Singh Mann · Oxford University Press · 2001
On the Goindwal pothis, the Kartarpur bir of 1604 and the formation of the canon.
- The Oxford Handbook of Sikh StudiesPashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech (eds.) · Oxford University Press · 2014
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. No single verified Internet Archive identifier for volume 1 at time of writing; the search lists several scans (DLI copies dli.csl.3754, dli.csl.3707 are unlabelled). Colonial-era framing; narrative follows the Janamsakhis.
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. Colonial-era framing; narrative drawn largely from Janamsakhi tradition, so read as tradition rather than verified history.
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. Colonial-era framing; narrative drawn largely from Janamsakhi tradition, so read as tradition rather than verified history.
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. Colonial-era framing; narrative drawn largely from Janamsakhi tradition, so read as tradition rather than verified history.
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. Colonial-era framing; narrative drawn largely from Janamsakhi tradition, so read as tradition rather than verified history.
- Max Arthur Macauliffe · Clarendon Press, Oxford · 1909
Public domain. Colonial-era framing; narrative drawn largely from Janamsakhi tradition, so read as tradition rather than verified history.
- The Sikhs of the Punjab (New Cambridge History of India II.3)J. S. Grewal · Cambridge University Press · 1990
- Surindar Singh Kohli · Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh · 1969, third edition 1997
A modern route study that draws on tradition and local memory. In copyright.
- Karamjit Singh · Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (PhD thesis) · 2012
Gives measured descriptions of gurdwara buildings in East Punjab.
Web
- Outlook · page dated 2022, content probably earlier
Interview with Kamaljit Kaur Sodhi.
- Dawn · 2019
- Wikipedia
A general reference, used only with attribution.
- CBC News · 2022
- Asia Samachar · 2017
- The Tribune · 2018
- Wikipedia
A general reference. The Canadian commission's own site timed out.
- Al Jazeera · 2005
- Wikipedia
Used only for the 2012 amendment in India and registration in Pakistani Punjab.
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- SBS Punjabi
Interview with Colonel Harpal Ahluwalia, a former commander of the 4th Sikhs and co-author of a battalion history.
- Wikipedia
Wikipedia, used as a last resort for the year of the Padma Shri and the 2004 stamp. The article is marked as needing more citations.
- All India Pingalwara Charitable Society, Amritsar
The institution's own account of its founder.
- Wikipedia
Read 5 November 2026. Used for reported views only.
- Academy of the Punjab in North America
Undated reprint.
- All India Pingalwara Charitable Society, Amritsar
The institution's own account of its founder.
- Pal Singh Purewal
- Wikipedia
A general reference, used where no fuller source could be reached.
- Air India Flight 182 archive, McMaster University
- The Tribune · 2000
- The Tribune · 2025
- Wikipedia
- American Academy of Religion, Annual Meeting · 2025
- Wikipedia contributors
Used only as a map of the modern authorship debate and its dates. The named scholars should be checked at source before anyone relies on them.
- The National Lottery Heritage Fund
- Perneet Singh · The Tribune · 2015
- The Tribune · 2026
Updated 26 September 2026.
- Sikh Museum Initiative · 2023
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC, Amritsar
The SGPC's page on the meaning of Takht and the names of the five Takhts.
- Victoria Cross Online
- Wikipedia
- Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government · GOV.UK, 30 January 2018 · 2018
A press release, not a military history. Its figures are unbroken-down totals.
- Wikipedia
A general reference. Britannica could not be reached.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC, Amritsar
The SGPC's account of how Gurpurbs are observed.
- Wikipedia
A general reference on a continuing case.
- Pacific Coast Khalsa Diwan Society
The gurdwara's own account of its history.
- Wikipedia
Read 5 November 2026.
- Sri Guru Singh Sabha Southall
The gurdwara's own account of its history.
- Hindustan Times · 2018
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- Reuters · Dawn, 18 December 2018 · 2018
- Kamran Raja · The Pakistan Times · 2026
Dated 1 November 2026.
- Wikipedia
A general reference, used only with attribution.
- Victoria Cross Online
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- SikhiWiki
- UK Government
Government profile of the recipient, published in the First World War centenary period.
- Victoria Cross Online
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- Wikipedia
- The Tribune · 2026
Updated 23 September 2026.
- Scroll.in · 2019
- Wikipedia
Read 5 November 2026.
- Wikipedia
- The News on Sunday · 2023
- K. B. S. Sidhu
- SikhMuseum.com · copyright 2013
- The Tribune · 2021
- Babushahi · 2026
- The Tribune · 2023
- Wikipedia
- Autar Singh · Asia Samachar · 2016
- Wikipedia
A general reference. The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism has no entry on this event, so a stronger scholarly source for this date is still wanted.
- The Tribune · 2025
- Aamir Latif · Anadolu Agency, 5 November 2020 · 2020
- Dawn · 2015
- Victoria Cross Online
- The Tribune · 2019
- Business Standard, August 2005
- SikhiWiki
A community encyclopaedia, used only for the common name of the morning opening.
- Wikipedia
- Human Rights Watch and Ensaaf · Human Rights Watch · 2007
Human rights report on Punjab from 1984 to 1995, written from the victims' side and from records.
- Akashvani News (All India Radio) · 2026
Report dated 28 October 2026 from India's public broadcaster.
- The Tribune · 2009
Only the summary line of the report was read.
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia contributors
General reference, used only for the modern use of the name Begumpura and a differing count of hymns.
- Outlook News Desk · Outlook India, 20 August 2026 · 2026
- Burma Star Memorial Fund
- GS Paul · The Tribune · 2019
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC
- Wikipedia
A general reference, with some passages marked as needing citation.
- Dawn, November 2021 · 2021
- Wikipedia
Read 5 November 2026. Some claims marked citation needed there.
- Wikipedia
- Sikh Museum Initiative · 2018
Adapted from a Hindustan Times article by Gurpreet Singh Nibber.
- Sikh Scholar
- Wikipedia
A general reference, mixing census figures and estimates.
- Wikipedia
A general reference, used where no fuller source could be reached.
- SikhiWiki
Community wiki. Used as a scaffold only; every row verified elsewhere.
- AllAboutSikhs
Undated.
- Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee · SGPC, Amritsar
The SGPC's own introduction to the scripture, including its hymn counts.
- Oneindia · 2026
Published 27 October 2026.
- SikhiWiki
A community encyclopaedia, used only for the common name of the evening closing.
- K.B.S. Sidhu · The KBS Chronicle · 2024
Opinion essay.
- SikhiWiki · 2008
Community wiki, last edited 1 October 2008.
- Wikipedia
- SikhiWiki
Community encyclopaedia. Its list mixes Sikh recipients with other Indian recipients named Singh, so each name should be confirmed elsewhere.
- J. S. Grewal · Journal of Punjab Studies 17 (1-2), University of California, Santa Barbara · 2010
Critical essay. Reports McLeod's replies to his critics as well as Grewal's own view.
- Dana Benner · HistoryNet · 2023
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- Wikipedia
Used for career facts and for its summary of published reviews. Check the reviews it cites before quoting them.
- University of Huddersfield, 17 April 2014 · 2014
A university news item quoting a student researcher on the project.
- Wikipedia
Read 5 November 2026.
Cite this page
"Sources for Sikh history". Sikh History: lives of the Gurus. https://sikh-history.co.uk/sources/